My private
conviction is that this is the first time in history that a field army
has been defeated by airpower. So stated Gen. Merrill A. McPeak,
the Air Force Chief of Staff, in the most-quoted part
of a famous briefing on Desert Storm.
The venue was a DOD news conference. Reporters wanted
to know more about the air campaign, and McPeak laid
it out in detail. Toward
the end of a long session, and in response to a question,
McPeak uttered the 21 words quoted above.
Though McPeak had taken pains to praise the other services
and allies, press reaction was generally negative. The
Washington Post, for example, reported McPeak had moved
to claim the lions
share of credit for the rout of Iraqi forces in Kuwait. It is clear
from the context, however, that he had been more cautious
than that.
I am delighted to be here today to tell an American success
story. A great victory was achieved against a strong enemy
and with little loss on our part. ... It is largely a story
about airpower, a success
story for US and coalition air forces, but I need to remind
myself and everybody that we were only part of a larger
air, land, and sea campaign
... in which all of the services made a very important
contribution, and, of course, all of our allies as well.
I hope youll forgive me now, if I talk mostly about the air campaign
for the rest of this time, since thats my piece of the thing to
talk about. You can bring me back from time to time and
remind me that everybody else played an important part. ...
The coalition air forces put up about 110,000 sorties.
... The US Air Force flew nearly 60 percent of that total.
We dropped about 88,500 tons of ordnance. Again, the US
Air Force contribution was
major. ... In my judgment, it was the precision munitions
that did the most important work. ... The US Air Force
did about 90 percent of that.
...
After we had cut off the field-deployed Iraqi Army, we
went to work on major categories of equipment. ... I believe
strongly that we were very conservative in our claims [about
the destruction of
Iraqi tanks and other weapons]. Once we actually did push
in on the ground, it was obvious that we had achieved destruction
rates well above something
like 50 percent we may have been claiming in all classes
of major equipment. ... I think we achieved very large
levels of destruction prior to G-Day,
and Im convinced that made the job a lot easier for our ground forces.
...
The US Air Force can go anywhere in the world very quickly,
and it has tremendous destructive effect when ordered to
do that by the President. It is important that we had one
concept of operations ... for
the air, land, and sea campaign. It was very important
they all marched to the same set of orders. Air superiority
once again proved its importance.
Our flexibility to improvise, make up tactics, and so forth,
was very important. Stealth, in combination with precision
guided munitions, I
think, has certainly the potential to revolutionize warfare.
Probably the most important lesson [is] we have quality
people that are well-trained,
that are very confident, and they proved it. ...
I want to say a word or two about the Iraqi Air Force.
I think they did rather well, under the circumstances.
... They happened to be the second best air force in the
fracas. Having the second best
air force is like having the second best poker handits often
the best strategy to fold early. ... The lesson for us
is we do not want to enter combat with the second best air force. ...
[US Navy aviation] made a tremendous contribution. It
was not redundant. They were tremendously effective
in everything they did. ... The RAF did a first-class job on everything
they tried to do. It was
an honor to be involved with them in this effort. ...
I projected, in the deliberations leading up to the decision,
that we might lose as many as four or five aircraft a day.
My private hunch ... was less than that, but, you know,
airpower advocates over the
years have gotten themselves in trouble bragging too much
about what were
going to do, so I tried to nudge that and add a little fudge factor in
there, but I certainly, even in my most optimistic, wildest dreams, would
not have said we would lose one aircraft every three days. ...
I cant offer any explanation for that. We do have the worlds
only operational stealth airplane, and since it wasnt scratched,
it tended to skew the results in our favor. But all of
the services did extraordinarily wellthe Marines, the Navy, the
allied air forces. This was first-class operation.
Having said that, am I proud of the performance turned
in by the United States Air Force? You bet. ...
My private conviction is that this is the first time
in history that a field army has been defeated by airpower.
Its a remarkable
performance by the coalition air forces, but there are
some things airpower can do and does very well, and some things it cant
do, and we should never expect it to do very wellthat is, move in
on the terrain and dictate terms to the enemy. Our ground forces did that.
I think, by the
way, again, they did a remarkable job. ... I think they
did a magnificent job.